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Polemius Silvius
Polemius Silvius (''fl.'' 5th century) was the author of an annotated Julian calendar that attempted to integrate the traditional Roman festival cycle with the new Christian holy days.〔Giusto Traina, ''428 AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire'' (Princeton University Press, 2009, from the original Italian edition of 2007), p. 180.〕 His calendar, also referred to as a laterculus or ''fasti'', dates to around 448–449.〔Mary Beard, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, ''Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 69.〕 He was active in southeastern Gaul.〔J.N. Adams, ''The Regional Diversification of Latin, 200 BC–AD 600'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 295.〕
==Background==
Polemius was among the Christian cultural elite〔David Paniagua Aguilar, "''Adis'': A Ghost Latin Zoological Term," ''Bulletin Du Cange'' 65 (2007), p. 227.〕 working within the imperial bureaucracy in Gaul〔Traina, ''428 AD'', p. 180.〕 under Valentinian III. He was a friend of Hilarius of Arles.〔Adams, ''Regional Diversification'', p. 295.〕 The ''Gallic Chronicle of 452'', year 438, calls him "mentally disturbed."〔Traina, ''428 AD'',p. 180.〕
Polemius was assigned to Eucherius, bishop of Lyon (ancient Lugdunum), and produced the calendar for him.〔Traina, ''428 AD'', p.180.〕 Because fixed Christian feasts were still few in number, Polemius faced the challenge of fulfilling the conventions of a traditional Roman calendar with named holidays while "disinfecting" it of the Imperial Roman and other festivals now regarded as "pagan."〔Faith Wallis, "Medicine in Medieval Calendar Manuscripts," in ''Manuscript Sources of Medieval Medicine: A Book of Essays'' (Garland, 1995), pp. 106–107.〕 Although the Calendar of Filocalus in 354 had recorded the traditional religious holidays freely, by the time of Polemius the Christian state had begun to legislate against other religions and to divorce Rome's religious heritage from the culture and civic life of the Empire.〔Michele Renee Salzman, ''On Roman Time: The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity'' (University of California Press, 1990), p. 235.〕 Polemius, who had probably consulted the Calendar of Filocalus,〔Salzman, ''On Roman Time'', p. 4.〕 filled gaps with meteorological and seasonal markers, and the "Egyptian Days,"〔Wallis, "Medicine in Medieval Calendar Manuscripts," pp. 106–107.〕 days considered unpropitious for new undertakings and for certain medical practices.〔Bruce Eastwood, ''Ordering the Heavens: Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance'' (Brill, 2007), p. 269.〕 Bede was among those who drew information from it.〔Faith Wallis, ''Bede: The Reckoning of Time'' (Liverpool University Press, 1999), p. 52.〕
In Polemius's calendar, the word ''ludi'', "games" in classical Latin, means more specifically theatrical performances, while ''circenses'' is used for chariot races.〔Wallis, ''Bede'', p. 52.〕 His work provides significant examples of Gallo-Romance vocabulary, regional variations of the Latin language, and local survivals of Gaulish words.〔Adams, ''Regional Diversification'', pp. 295ff.〕
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